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La posizione della Cina nella crisi ucraina

EST EUROPA/EUROPA/Europe di

Lo sviluppo della crisi in Ucraina rappresenta un importante banco di prova per il corso della politica cinese in virtù dei condizionamenti futuri, che potranno incidere sia sulle decisioni strategiche sia sulle linee di azione che il Paese dovrà prendere nel condurre la propria politica estera.

A premessa di quanto verrà detto, è necessario sottolineare che la Cina è estremamente rigida nel sostenere la sua visione geopolitica strategica e vuole evitare che una qualsiasi restrizione, od opposizione da parte degli Stati Uniti, possa limitare o vanificare il conseguimento degli obiettivi che si è posta.

La situazione che si è venuta a creare con la crisi ucraina la pone, adesso, di fronte alla necessità di affrontare tre differenti sfide che possono incidere sul conseguimento del suo programma geopolitico.

Innanzitutto, il mantenimento di una reale partnership con la Russia.

Quindi, la necessità di sostenere la sua radicata posizione diplomatica di non interferenza e di rispetto dell’integrità territoriale.

Infine, il problema di come ridurre i danni collaterali che le sanzioni economiche adottate da USA ed EU nei confronti della Russia possono causare al sistema economico cinese.

La possibilità che questi tre obiettivi siano conseguiti simultaneamente, e con successo, appare quantomeno dubbia, in quanto ognuna delle tre linee d’azione espone la Cina a una serie di problematiche la cui soluzione incide sulle altre.

Nel primo caso la condivisione di una comune visione geopolitica con la Russia, espressa da una serie di intese in diversi campi e di accordi di collaborazione di vario tipo, suggellata durante le recenti Olimpiadi di Pechino con una dichiarazione congiunta nella quale la politica USA è identificata come l’elemento destabilizzatore del sistema mondiale e che, quindi, raffigura l’avversario che Cina e Russia devono fronteggiare uniti, rappresenta sì una forma di partnership economico politica, ma non può essere intesa come un’alleanza.

Di qui deriva la posizione assunta da Pechino che non ha espressamente condannato Mosca per le azioni intraprese in Ucraina. Tuttavia, le dichiarazioni cinesi hanno assunto una certa ambiguità – confermata dalla sua astensione nel recente voto espresso dal Consiglio di Sicurezza ONU – se pur velata, non definendo un’invasione quanto attuato dalla Russia ai danni dell’Ucraina.

In tale modo la Cina ha inteso sottolineare le legittime preoccupazioni russe per la propria sicurezza, ma, allo stesso tempo, ha reiterato la visione cinese per il pieno rispetto del concetto di mantenimento della sovranità e dell’integrità territoriale.

Questo atteggiamento, oltre a offrire un supporto di carattere politico alla Russia, avvalorandone in qualche modo le presunte motivazioni poste alla base delle sue recenti attività, tende, soprattutto, a sottolineare due elementi cardine della linea di condotta cinese.

In primis, nel considerare valide le preoccupazioni per la sicurezza espresse dalla Russia, la Cina vuole ribadire il concetto che la sicurezza dei propri confini e dei propri interessi è un elemento che ritiene essere di sua esclusiva pertinenza, che prescinde da qualsiasi condizionamento esterno. Questo significa che in un’eventuale situazione simile, in cui gli interessi territoriali e di sicurezza della Cina fossero considerati in pericolo, le autorità di Pechino non accetterebbero nessuna ingerenza da parte di organismi o elementi internazionali.

Successivamente, invece, la velata ma decisa presa di distanza dalla posizione di Mosca sul mantenimento della sovranità e dell’integrità territoriale, denota l’intenzione di mantenere intatta la libertà di manovra cinese, non compromettendo la sua autonomia qualora in un futuro prossimo fosse necessario affrontare problematiche simili, concernenti la gestione dei territori cinesi con aspirazioni autonomistiche.

Per quanto concerne, invece, la posizione di non interferenza e di rispetto dell’integrità territoriale che ha caratterizzato l’indirizzo diplomatico nel contesto politico internazionale della Cina, si pone la stessa dicotomia di atteggiamento. Un supporto deciso nei confronti della Russia che vada oltre dichiarazioni diplomatiche più o meno forti, costringerebbe la Cina a effettuare una scelta di campo, non voluta né ricercata, che limiterebbe sia la sua autonomia geopolitica sia la sua libertà di movimento in altri scacchieri dove la Russia può essere considerata più un avversario che un alleato.

Similmente, un appoggio aperto alle pretese territoriali russe sulla Crimea o sul Donbass o, addirittura, su porzioni più ampie dell’Ucraina costituirebbe un elemento le cui conseguenze potrebbero essere pericolose per l’integrità della Cina stessa, come precedentemente affermato.

Consideriamo adesso la terza linea d’azione, cioè quella che riguarda il supporto economico che la Cina può offrire alla Russia per mitigare o vanificare il pacchetto delle sanzioni economiche che l’Occidente ha configurato come risposta all’attacco in Ucraina.

Innanzitutto, va sottolineato che la Cina si è sempre dimostrata contraria al concetto di applicazione delle sanzioni economiche come mezzo di pressione diplomatica e che, quindi, nei confronti del partner russo esiste una premessa di carattere concettuale che può favorire un ruolo attivo e importante in tale frangente.

Inoltre, deve essere considerato che, nei recenti contatti sino-russi, diverse sono state le iniziative di carattere commerciale che sono state concluse dai due Paesi al fine di rinforzare l’idea di una partnership a 360° che supporta e solidifica una visione geopolitica comune nei confronti dell’Occidente.

Di conseguenza, la Cina potrebbe costituire un elemento di fondamentale importanza per l’economia russa (non solo nel comparto energetico, ma anche, nei settori alimentare e degli scambi di altri beni) che sicuramente è stato analizzato da Mosca nella fase di pianificazione che ha dato il via alle operazioni cinetiche in Ucraina.

Tuttavia, nel fornire supporto alla Russia in tale settore, la Cina deve considerare con molta attenzione un fattore critico importante: la sua bilancia commerciale è fortemente condizionata dagli scambi sia con gli USA sia con l’Europa. Un eccessivo allineamento con Mosca avrebbe come conseguenza un inasprimento delle tensioni che già esistono e rendono difficile il rapporto commerciale economico con i partner occidentali. Questo, anche nel breve termine, potrebbe costituire un danno di elevate proporzioni per la sua economia.

Per concludere, le conseguenze generate dagli sviluppi di questa fase della crisi ucraina, come abbastanza facilmente ipotizzabile, non sono circoscritte al solo scacchiere europeo ma investono direttamente anche gli altri protagonisti del sistema geopolitico mondiale e la Cina non fa eccezione.

Il rafforzamento dei rapporti con la Russia in chiave prioritariamente antioccidentale, il contrasto delle democrazie occidentali sul piano dei diritti umani, e la contestuale necessità di mantenere con esse crescenti legami economici, e il sostegno dei principi di non interferenza e della intangibilità dei confini nazionali sono gli elementi che riassumono le linee guida della visione geopolitica cinese.

Nonostante l’abilità diplomatica cinese e la sua ambiguità nell’assumere posizioni chiare mantenendo sempre aperte delle possibili vie di uscita da situazioni complesse, appare molto improbabile che in questa fase la Cina riesca a perseguire con successo le sue linee d’azione.

Siamo ancora nelle fasi inziali di questa crisi, ma le conseguenze che da essa deriveranno, non solo in Europa ma nel resto del mondo, fanno pensare che la Cina non possa più a lungo permanere in un limbo diplomatico senza mettere in pericolo il conseguimento della sua visione geopolitica.

 

India and China for a news Leadership on the Climate?

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The world is changing rapidly. Until not long ago, the United States of Barack Obama, in the role of the virtuoses, pressed on India and China, the “big polluters”, to renew their environmental policies and join the ranks of countries engaged in combating climate change. The Paris COP 21 agreement, which was signed in 2015 by all the major players in the game, had, despite the many downward compromises, represented a favorable outcome for environmental issues and a success of the American democratic administration.

Less than two years later, Trump is ready to get out of the agreement, and India and China are willing to lead the fight against pollution, without saving sharp criticism to the new presidency’ choices.

None of the two countries, however, seems to be ready to assume a real leadership in the fight against global warming and fill the void that will inevitably be left by USA discharge.

The two Asian governments are gradually taking on more strong positions, on the public level as well, against fossil fuels, as their respective populations are going to directly suffer, more and more, from the adverse effects of climate change and poisoning of natural resources. Beyond reassuring positions, China and India are, at least for now, unable to offset the strong weakening of the economic incentive system the US offered to developing countries in exchange for a greater control over their levels of pollution.

The change of route in Asia is, however, evident and should not be underestimated. For decades, the governments of India and China had looked with suspicion and annoyance at the appeals of the first world countries for a reduction in polluting emissions. The countries which have based their development on wild industrialization without posing too much doubts about the climatic consequences, asked the poorer countries to limit their growth capabilities to preserve the health of the planet. What pulp came from the sermon?

Today, however, both Indian President Modi and his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping seem to have adopted a different vision of the world. Modi called a “morally criminal act” to not stick to the commitments assumed on the climate front. Jinping addressed all signatories to the COP 21, recalling that it represents “a responsibility we must assume for future generations”.

Trump’s choice could have dramatic consequences for that same future. In addition to the reduction in economic incentives and technological equipment supplies (the US alone would have to contribute for about 20% of the total), American withdrawal could entice other countries to do the same. The Paris agreement, moreover, had been considered by many to be a downward result, unable to effectively contain global warming in the coming years. There would be much more substantial emissions cutbacks in order to reverse the route, but the American turnaround may also weaken the current deal, encouraging more hesitant states to loosen the ties of their engagement.

The United States is also the second most polluting country in the world, and with the Paris agreement they pledged to reduce 26 to 28% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. Without their contribution, experts are asking, will it be possible to meet the objective of limiting the rise in temperature, compared to the pre-industrial era, below the two degrees, as established by the Paris Agreement?

It’s hard to say, but things are neverthless moving. If India is committed to meeting its objectives, despite the fact that 240 million people in the sub-continent still have no access to electricity, China seems to have rapidly traveled to its commitments and started a financing project on the renewable energies ($ 360 million by 2020) that makes the Asian giant the new industry leader, globally.

New environmental policies, according to scholars, have already begun to have some tangible consequences in the two countries. China has slowed down its consumption of carbon and India is about to reduce its construction projects for new coal-fired power plants. New Deli then accelerated investments in wind and solar energy, moving to the target set for 2022: to bring its capacity from renewable sources to 175 gigawatts.

The words of Indian Energy Minister Piyush Goya sound clear and strong: “We are not addressing climate change because somebody told us to do it, it is an article of faith for this government .”

The jibe for the most industrialized countries is also a paradigm shift: “Sadly the developed world does not show the same commitment to fulfill their promises, which could help speed up the clean energy revolution .”

Will the Asian powers therefore be able to fill in the American shortages and load this revolution on their shoulders? The commitment is evident but the economic problem remains. American leadership on the environmental front, in the Obama era, was expressed through a $ 3 billion loan in favor of the poorest countries to support them in the development of alternative energies. This fund has been reduced by two-thirds by Trump and neither Beijing nor New Delhi intend to put all this money on the table. Rather, the two giants seem willing to play a coordinating and addressing role, strengthening the sharing of technology-based knowledge among the nations involved.

Using the words of Varad Pande, an ex-consultant at the Indian Ministry of Energy, the one that is being built todaywill be a different flavor of leadership“.

Intense and spicy, hopefully, like curry.

Serbia Boosts Security Cooperation With Russia

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Serbia will continue to pursue close security cooperation with Russia in order to protect Serbia’s own national interests, in particular amid increasingly aggressive rhetoric from Kosovo Albanian politicians. Nobody can stop Serbia from cooperating with Russia in order to protect its national interests, Serbian Minister of Internal Affairs Nebojsa Stefanovic told Sputnik Srbija after returning from a trip to Russia last week. Stefanovic took part in a security conference in the city of Tver and met with Nikolai Patrushev, Secretary of the Russian Federation Security Council. The politicians signed a bilateral agreement on greater cooperation between Serbia’s Minister of Internal Affairs and the Russian Federal Security Service. “We want to cooperate with Russia as well as all other countries. On the other hand, I never heard for example China or Russia object to cooperation with other EU countries or the USA and so I think that kind of fear is unfounded.” Serbs are scared that Albanian politician in Kosovo want to invade Serbia to create what they call a “Greater Albania”. So, the agreement between Russia and Serbia on security cooperation could prevent this scenario some way (on the serbs point of view). The more the Kosovo general elections come closer, the more the tensions rise between these two countries.

N. Korea: Missile ready for mass production

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North Korea said on Monday it had successfully tested an intermediate-range ballistic missile which met all technical requirements and could now be mass-produced, indicating advances in its ambitions to be able to hit the United States. North Korea’s official Korean Central News Agency said leader Kim Jong Un supervised the test which also verified the functioning of the solid-fuel engine for the Pukguksong-2 missile and ordered it for deployment in field action. North Korea has defied all calls to rein in its nuclear and missile programs, even from China, its lone major ally, saying the weapons are needed for legitimate self-defense. The North last conducted a ballistic missile test a week ago.

North Korea missile detected by THAAD, program progressing faster than expected: South

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North Korea’s missile program is progressing faster than expected, South Korea’s defense minister said on Tuesday, after the UN Security Council demanded the North halt all nuclear and ballistic missile tests and condemned Sunday’s test-launch. Han Min-koo told South Korea’s parliament the test-launch had been detected by the controversial U.S. THAAD anti-missile system, whose deployment in the South has infuriated China. The reclusive North, which has defied all calls to rein in its weapons programs, even from its lone major ally, China, said the missile test was a legitimate defense against U.S. hostility.

China, Philippines to start South China Sea talks: ambassador

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China and the Philippines will start bilateral consultations on the disputed South China Sea this week, the Philippine ambassador to Beijing said, as Manila looks to ease tensions with Asia’s top economic power. Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, who is visiting Beijing to attend a summit on China’s ambitious new Silk Road plan, has opted to court China for its business and investment and avoid the rows over sovereignty that dogged his predecessors. Philippine ambassador to China Jose Santiago Santa Romana told reporters late on Saturday that the consultations between the two countries would take place in China.

South Korea to attend China’s Silk Road summit amid diplomatic rift

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South Korea has accepted a last-minute invitation from China to a conference on a new Silk Road, days after a new president took office on Seoul pledging to engage in discussions with Beijing to ease tension over a U.S. anti-missile system. Chinese President Xi Jinping extended the invitation to the Belt and Road conference in Beijing during a telephone call on Thursday with new South Korean President Moon Jae-in, Moon’s spokesman, Yoon Young-chan, told a briefing on Friday. Ties between South Korea and China, who are important trade partners, have been strained by Seoul’s decision to host a U.S. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) antimissile system in response to a growing missile threat from North Korea.

Inaugural intersec Saudi Arabia opens amid burgeoning market

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The inaugural event of Intersec Saudi Arabia opened on Tuesday in Jiddah, which is a fair of global innovations in security, in safety and in fire protection. This event will be available until 4th May at Jeddah International for Forum and International Events Convention. The impressive opportunities are underlined by the participation of manufacturers and suppliers eager to boost their business opportunities. There is an impressive and huge international participation – about 73%- more than 500 brands and three countries pavilions (China, India and Czech Republic) and an enlightening three day conference program. Jointly organized by Messe Frankfurt Middle-East and Al-Harithy Company for Exhibitions, Intersec Saudi Arabia is held under patronage of Prince al-Faisal, advisor to the custodian of two holy Mosques King Salman and the governor of Makkah Region. Ahmed Pauwels, CEO of Frankfurt Messe Middle-East has declared: “We’ve been building our portfolio of worldclass exhibitions in Saudi, and we’re delighted to add Intersec Saudi Arabia to the mix, bringing the Kingdom’s security market to the doorsteps of key stakeholders, where international players can increase their market share, and Saudi visitors can keep up-to-date with the latest technologies and services available in the market”. It will be the first security exhibition in the Kingdom. This three day Conference will be helpful and useful to find solutions regarding security, fire protection and safety, offering a wide range of opportunities and systems to prevent from those problems. Intersec Saudi Arabia is officially supported by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the Saudi Safety & Security Department, Jeddah Police and Jeddah Civil Defense These is the second conference of its kind, after Intersec in Dubai.

U.S. says time to act on North Korea, China says not up to Beijing alone

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U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson warned on Friday that failure to curb North Korea’s nuclear and missile development could lead to ‘catastrophic consequences, while China and Russia cautioned Washington against threatening military force. Washington has recently lavished praise on Beijing for its efforts to rein in its ally Pyongyang, but Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi made clear to the U.N. Security Council it was not only up to China to solve the North Korean problem. “The key to solving the nuclear issue on the peninsula does not lie in the hands of the Chinese side”, Wang told the 15-member council in remarks contradicting the White House belief that it does wield significant influence.

China welcomes U.S. saying it is open to talks on North Korea.

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China on Thursday welcomed an apparently softer tone by the United States on the North Korean nuclear and missile crisis but stressed its opposition to a U.S. missile defence system being deployed in South Korea. Separately, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe called on North Korea and other countries on Thursday to avoid behaviour or rhetoric that could increase tensions around Pyongyang’s nuclear programme. Speaking at a news conference in Moscow after talks, the two leaders said they had agreed to cooperate closely to try to help defuse tensions around North Korea.

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