GEOPOLITICA DEL MONDO MODERNO

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Marzo 2017 - page 64

Focus sull’Estonia: capitolo 2

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Come abbiamo anticipato nel nostro primo articolo sull’argomento, ci concentreremo adesso sull’evoluzione del ruolo di questo paese nelle istituzioni europee. Cominciamo dalla cosa più facile. Meglio: comminiciamo da una cosa difficilissima e molto tecnica, ma molto facile da essere spiegata ai lettori. Parliamo di eu-Lisa. L’abbiamo menzionata in qualche nostro articolo precedente, parlando della specularità tra alcune agenzie ONU ed Europee. eu-Lisa è speciale, è non ha “gemelli” nel contesto ONU.

Il suo acronimo si riferisce letteralmente all’Agenzia (A), all’Europa (eu), alla Libertà (L), alla Giustizia (la “I” o la “J” di Justitia), ed alla Sicurezza (S). Il suo nome per esteso è Agenzia Europea per i sistmi IT di larga scala nelle aree di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia.

L’agenzia ha sede in Tallinn, la graziosa capitale dell’Estonia, sin dal 2012 e fornisce supporto tecnico per gli Stati Membri e le Istitutzioni dell’UE, gestendo i sistemi IT di larga scala integrati, il cui scopo è quello di mantenere la sicurezza interna nei paesi dell’area Schengen, facilitare la materia dei visti per l’ingresso in tali paesi, e determinare quale Stato Membro debba esaminare le richieste di asilo, secondo quanto stabilito dal ben noto sistema Dublino.

L’Agenzia ha anche il compito di testare le nuove tecnologie e di realizzare un moderno e sicuro sistema di gestione delle frontiere esterne europee. Per esempio, le è stato chiesto di testare e realizzare la fase pilota (con le relative risultanze) del progetto “Frontiere intelligenti“, che è la traduzione operativa del “pacchetto Frontiere Intelligenti“: un pacchetto legislativo delineato dalla commissione e discusso dal  Consiglio dell’Unione Europea, nella sua versione Giustizia e Affari Interni. Questo “pacchetto” istituira – solo dopo una condivisa e ben condivisa procedura di co-decisione – un Sistema di Entrate e Uscite (SEU) ed un Sistema Europeo di Informazione ed Autorizzazione al Viaggio (ETIAS, secondo l’acronimo inglese European Travel Information and Authorization System). Si suppone che entrambi possano essere operativi nel 2020. Il primo dovrà assicurare la sicurezza delle frontiere tracciando tutti i movimenti dei cittadini di Stati extra-UE attraverso le frontiere esterne dell’Unione in entrambe le direzioni. Ovviamente, monitorando turisti e viaggiatori il sistema dovrebbe controllare visti, passaporti e documenti d’identità, verificando se qualcuno dei soggetti controllati è un criminale, un terrorista o sia coinvolto in qualche modo nell’immmigrazione illegale o, peggio, nel traffico di migranti. Il SEU dovrebbe effettivamente prevenire e deterrere il compimento di crimini collegati all’immigrazione, al terrorismo ed alla tratta di esseri umani. Inoltre, dovrebbe automaticamente avvisare le forze di polizia dela presenza di “overstayers“, ossia di persone che hanno superato il loro periodo massimo di permanenza nel territorio dell’Unione in base al visto precedentemente concessogli.

L’ETIAs sarà invece molto simile all’americano ESTA e dovrebbe istitutire una sorta di prenotazione per ottenere il permesso a viaggiare verso l’europa. L’entrata in funzione di tale sistema comporterà la necessità di modificare il vigente Codice Frontiere Schengen. Ma, ovviamente, determinerà un incremento della prevenzione e del perseguimento dei reati sempre connessi alle frontiere ed alla sicurezza interna. Di sicuro coloro che saranno sospettati di essere riminali o terroristi non verranno autorizzati ad entrare nell’UE.

Riteniamo che la presenza di eu-Lisa in Estonia sia motivo di orgoglio per questa nazione evoluta, smart, e risoluta.

L’Agenzia è dotata di un Consiglio di Amministrazione che si riunisce due volte all’anno ed in cui tutto gli Stati Memembri sono egualamente rappresentati, e si avvale di alcuni gruppi di consulenza, costituiti da esperti sia nelle materie IT che in quele relative al settore Giustizia e Affari Interni (GAI). Essa gestisce i tre principali sistemi (o banche dati) GAI: il Sistema di Informazione Schengen, Il Sistema di Informazione sui Visti ed il sistema Eurodac (il ci principale obiettivo è quello di raccogliere ed analizzare le impronte digitali dei richiedenti asilo nell’UE).

Ovviamente l’Agenzia studia il modo di rendere l’Europa più sicura, da un punto di vista meramente tecnico, ma non ha poteri legislativi o cogenti. Coopera con i singoli Stati membri e con le Istituzioni europei – nel settore GAI – agendo come un consulente ed un consigliere altamente specalizzato e molto qualificato.

L’Agenzia è anche parte della rete delle Agenzie europee GAI che, una volta all’anno, organizzanoun incontro congiunto tra i loro leader per scambiare infromazioni metodologiche, buone prassi ed addestramento. Il Presidente del network è scelto a rotazione tra i Direttori delle singole agenzie e la sua carica dura un anno. L’Agenzia che detiene la presidenza ha il compito di organizzare presso la citta in cui ha sede il meeting. Tutte le Agenzie, dopo l’incontro, approvano e distribuiscono un documento congiunto recante le loro conclusioni, il cui scopo è sempre quello di rendere le loro policy e le loro azioni più coerenti, sempre meno accavallate e meglio collegate.

eu-Lisa e Tallinn hanno avuto il compito di organizzare questo incontro nel 2015. Un’altra ragione per guardare all’Estonia come un partner ed un attore chiave nell’UE, che sta incrementando anche il suo ruolo nell’assetto generale della sicurezza in Europa.     

Regime advances in Aleppo countryside, open new link to SDF-held areas in northern Syria

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An advance by the Assad regime forces against Daesh in northern Syria has opened a new link between regime-held areas in western Syria and the country’s northeast held by YPG-dominated and U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), redrawing the map of the conflict near the Turkish border. The advance, if sustained, could open a trade lifeline between the northeast, which holds 70 percent of Syria’s oil and also includes rich farmland, and the west, where Syria’s manufacturing and most of its population are based. The regime advance has begun just south of the town of al-Bab and has pushed forward into the territory expanding northwards, where Turkish forces and the Free Syrian Army (FSA) are currently waging Operation Euphrates Shield, which aims to carve out a buffer zone to keep Daesh and PKK-affiliated groups away from the Turkish border. Regime government forces have now come to the edge of a swathe of territory controlled by the SDF, which has mostly avoided conflict with Damascus but is viewed by Turkey as an extension of the PKK terrorist group that has waged a three-decade insurgency on Turkish territory. The YPG, which is the armed wing of PKK’s Syrian offshoot PYD, is the dominating force within the SDF. The YPG’s critics have accused it of cooperating with Damascus in the Syrian civil war. The spokesman for the SDF militia alliance said the regime army’s advance would bring benefits to civilians in the area. “On the trade front and on the civilian front it is seen as an excellent thing, because now there is a link between the entire northern rural area”. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights says the regime advance in the area is part of a bid to block Turkish-backed forces from expanding their zones of control in Aleppo province.

Tunisian FM Jhinaoui met Jordan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Al Safadi for session of the Human Rights Council

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Tunisian Foreign Minister, Jhinaoui, met Jordan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Ayman Al Safadi on Ginevra on the sidelines of the 34° session of the Human Rights Council. The talk focused on the need to step up coordination and consultations on challenges confronting the Arab region, notably terrorism, and the Arab Summit set for late March in Amman. The two Minister agreed to examine the ways to increase cooperation in all sector of the two country. Also the Palestine cause, the Libyan crisis and the latest developments in Sirya are been essential point in this meeting.

the presidents of the JDC, of the JuventudesComunistas and Juventud Socialista have emphasized the necessity to arrive at a common platform

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Jóvenespor un nuevo Chile, a political association close to the governing coalition Nueva Mayoria, cries of open and transparent internal primary to elect a common candidate for the upcoming presidential elections. The proposal was well received by all sides of the coalition, in fact, the presidents of the JDC, of the JuventudesComunistas and Juventud Socialista have emphasized the necessity to leave aside the internal conflicts to arrive at a common platform in order to prevent a right-wing victory, represented by former President Sebastian Piñera.

Four major agreements were signed by Saudi Arabia and Malaysia

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Four major agreements were signed by Saudi Arabia and Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur on Monday. The first memorandum of understanding is related to cooperation in the trade and investement field and was signed by Minister of State Ibrahim Al-Assaf and Malysian Minister of Commerce and Industry Mustapa Mohamed. The second one includes cooperation in the field of labor and human resources. The third one concerns boosting cooperation in scientific and education sectors and the fourth one is about cooperation between SPA and National News Agency of Malaysia. During the visit there were also many ministerial meetings such as the one with the Malaysian Minister of Education and Saudi Arabia also announced more scholarships for Malaysian students due to 300 applications received last year.

Chaos inside Tobruk House of Representatives after MPs failed to select a new team to represent Libyan political dialogue.

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Chaos erupted inside Tobruk-based House of Representatives on Monday after MPs failed to select a new dialogue team to represent them in the forthcoming Libyan political dialogue meetings. MP Faraj Bu Hashem accused Parliament Speaker Aqailah Saleh of creating chaos by attempting to espouse unilateralism. “The parliament speaker is trying to impose his opinion on other MPs”, Bu Hashem posted in his Facebook timeline. The parliament session, which was broadcasted live on TV, saw a heated debate between the MPs over the selection of the new team. Aqailah Saleh wanted the new team to be selected on regional basis by him rather than by election. Using his power, Aqailah rejected the election choice and clung to his regional option, causing anger among the MPs. Other MPs, who are loyal to KhalifaHaftar, wanted the new team members to be made up of the rejectionist MPs of the Libyan political agreement. “The Presidency of the parliament is the one that is entitled to select the new team and the speaker of the parliament is the one who represents the parliament in and outside Libya”, Aqailah said live on TV, adding that discussion over the selection of the new dialogue team was put on agenda to hear the opinions of the MPs only.

Focus on Estonia: chapter 2

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As we mentioned in our previous and first article on Estonia, we are now going to concentrate on its evolution in the EU institutions context. Let’s start from something easy to be told. Better: let’s start from something very difficult and technical, but very easy to be explained to readers. Let’s talk about eu-LISA. We mentioned this agency in some of our previous articles last year, speaking about the specularity between UN Agencies and EU ones. eu-Lisa is special, and has no twins in the UN context.

downloadIts acronym refers literally to eu (of course, Europe), L(iberty), I (“I” or “J” mean the same: is the first letter for Justice), S(ecurity), A(gency). The extended name is European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT Systems in the area of freedom, security and justice.

The Agency is settled in Tallinn, the pretty Estonia’s capital, since 2012, and provides technological support for EU Member States and Institutions, managing the large-scale integrated IT systems whose aims are to maintain internal security in the Schengen countries, to enable Schengen countries to exchange visa data and to determine which EU country is responsible for examining a particular asylum application, according to the well known Dublin system.

The Agency is also in charge to test new technologies to put in place a modern and secure border management system in the EU. For example, it was tasked to put in place and start the testing and follow-up phases of the “Smart Borders” project, the operational step of the “Smart Borders package” drawn by the European Commission, and discussed by the Council of the European Union, in its Justice and Home Affairs modality. This “package” will institute – only after an agreed and well-concluded co-legislation process – an Entry-Exit System (EES) and an European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS). Both of them are supposed to start in 2020. The first one will ensure border security tracing all the movements of third countries citizens through the external borders of the Union in both directions. Of course, monitoring the flow of tourists and travellers, the system should check visas, passports, ID documents, verifying if any of the checked persons are criminals, terrorists, or involved in some way in illegal immigration or, worst, in migrant smuggling. This EES should in effects prevent and deter crimes related to immigration, terrorism, and human trafficking. In addition, it should automatically alert the law enforcement agencies about the so called “overstayers”, people who exceeded the maximum period of their stay within the EU borders, according to their visa.

The ETIAS will be very similar to the American ESTA, and is instituting a sort of reservation for achieving a permission to travel to Europe. The entrance of this system in the EU legislation environment is meaning that the Schengen Border Code must be changed. But, of course, it will increase the prevention and the prosecution of crimes involving borders and internal security. That’s sure: people suspected to be criminals or terrorists will not be allowed to enter the Union.download (1)

We think that eu-LISA presence in Estonia is a source of pride for this evoluted, smart and resolute country.

The Agency has a management board that meets twice a year and in which all Member States are equally represented, and uses some advisory groups, made of technicians and experts in both the IT and JHA issues. It manages the 3 main JHA systems and databases: the Schengen Information System, the Visa Information System and the Eurodac (whose main task is to collect and examine the fingerprints of people asking for asylum in the EU).

Of course, the Agency studies the way to make Europe safer, from a technical point of view, but has no legislative or cogent powers. It cooperates with single Member States and all the European Institutions – in the JHA area – aging as a high specialized and very qualified consultant and advisor.

 

The Agency is also part of the network of the JHA Agency which, once a year, organize a joint meeting of their key representatives, in order to exchange methodological information, best practices and training. The network chair is rotational and is chosen from all the agencies Directors for one year. The agency which holds the presidency of the network is also in charge to host the meeting in the country in which is settled in. All the Agencies, after the meeting, approve and disseminate a document containing their joint conclusions, whose aim is to make their policies and actions more coherent, deconflicted, and better linked.

eu-Lisa and Tallinn were in charge of this in 2015. Another reason to look to Estonia as a key partner and actor in the EU, which is increasing its role in the european security framework.

Our next step will be a focus on the upcoming Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU.     

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Domenico Martinelli
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